Category: Religion

Before the Norman Conquest of 1066, Britain’s practice of Christianity was ‘orthodox’, i.e. faithful to the original beliefs and texts, periodically confirmed by major theological meetings elsewhere. However, in 1054 disagreements caused the ‘Great Schism’ whereupon Eastern/Greek-speaking and Western/Latin-speaking churches separated. The Western ideology arrived with the Normans, for whom supreme religious authority was personified by the Pope in Rome alone, which was unacceptable to the East.

Pockets of interest in restoring Orthodoxy existed in the 18th and 19th centuries but little resulted until immigrants from Eastern Orthodox countries like Greece and Poland in the 20th century brought it with them. There are currently more than 100 Orthodox parishes in the UK, including many Russian and Serbian communities. The British Orthodox Church, now autonomous and the only all-English-speaking Orthodox church in the UK, was established in 1866 as an outpost of Oriental Orthodoxy though it faced stiff opposition.

The first Greek Orthodox church in London dates to 1677 but it was short-lived. It would take another two centuries for Orthodox churches to be properly established and in 1922 the first Orthodox bishop in Britain was appointed as head of a new ‘Archdiocese of Thyateira & Great Britain’ under the hierarchy of the ‘Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople’ (Istanbul).

(Image of inrior of St. Andrew’s Greek Orthodox Cathedral, London: John Salmon at geograph.org.uk / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Until the 21st century most Britons knew The Lord’s Prayer by heart, as they recited it every weekday morning in school assembly and, if they were church-goers, in Sunday worship. It is the prayer that Jesus taught his disciples when they asked him how to communicate with God.

It appears in the New Testament in Matthew 6:9-13 and Luke 11:1-4 in slightly different versions and without the last three lines, which were added by the early Christian clergy. One traditional English translation is as follows:-

Our Father, who art in Heaven,
Hallowed be thy name,
Thy kingdom come,
Thy will be done
On Earth as it is in Heaven.
Give us this day our daily bread
And forgive us our trespasses,
As we forgive those that trespass against us.
And lead us not into temptation,
But deliver us from evil,
For thine is the kingdom,
The power and the glory
For ever and ever.

Amen

In 1998, a daily ‘act of worship’ was made a requirement for schools, perhaps as this was disappearing, but it made no difference. State school assemblies today bear little resemblance to those of the past and parents have the option of withdrawing their child from any religious element.

(Image: pixabay.com / Public domain)

South Wales may be the site of Britain’s first Christian church, established by St. Ilid who  in 37AD fled from the persecution of Christians by the Roman Empire, which had not yet ventured north into Britain. The church was open-air and round, much like a Druidic meeting-place. The men would file into the circle and the women would gather outside. Ilid would then have preached from the centre. Naturally, this is difficult to prove and there are conflicting stories, including one that claims St. Ilid was actually Joseph of Arimathea.

For hard evidence of the first churches, it is Northumberland which seems to yield the most relevant archaeological finds and in 2020 the fragments of a chalice etched with Christian symbols was unearthed at a Romano-British fort at Hadrian’s Wall, to much excitement.

However, the oldest surviving (though modified) church is in Canterbury, Kent. St. Martin’s Church dates from around 590 and functioned initially as a private Christian chapel for King Ethelbert’s wife, Queen Bertha. The missionary, St. Augustine, is also said to have worshipped there on his arrival in 597, before the King allowed him to add a cathedral and an abbey, with all three buildings now classified as World Heritage Sites.

(Image: pickpik.com / CC0)

The Church in Wales (CiW) acquired its name in deference to The Welsh Church Act of 1914, which referred to the Welsh area of the Church of England in those terms. Although many wanted to call the newly-formed branch of the Anglican Communion the ‘Church of Wales’, it was judged prudent to stick to the legal wording.

WW1 delayed the actual creation of the CiW until 1920, whereupon the four Welsh dioceses were split into six. Each diocese has a Bishop, one of whom is also the Archbishop of Wales. Under the Bishops are the Archdeacons and the Deans. CiW beliefs centre around Jesus Christ, baptism, the Bible and the Holy Communion. There are around 42,000 followers today, the peak numbers having occurred in the CiW’s early days.

The CiW centenary was marked by a plan entitled ‘2020 Vision‘. This reorganised the 900 parishes but kept the dioceses intact. There are now ‘Ministry Areas’ which comprise several parishes and are served by a ‘team’ of travelling clergy and laypeople. The aim is to have leaders with specialities, such as inducting newcomers, speaking to children or providing music, all in anticipation of reviving interest, re-engaging with the community and re-energising the CiW profile and its clergy.

(Image: Ceri Thomas at geograph.org.uk / CC BY-SA 2.0)

When the Church of Scotland (CofS) was confirmed as that nation’s Established Church in the early 1700s, the other main branch of Scottish Reform Christianity set itself up formally as the Scottish Episcopal Church (SEC). Like the presbyterian CofS, it conducts baptism and communion, but it also offers confirmation, holy matrimony, confession, ordination and healing, in a similar way to the Church of England, Church in Wales and Church of Ireland, .

‘Episcopus’ is Latin for ‘bishop’ and an episcopal church is run by its bishops, who are the authority figures. The SEC has seven of these and each has a region, or diocese, of Scotland. Each diocese has one cathedral, but Argyll & The Isles diocese has two; one for Argyll and one for The Isles. The bishops elect a top bishop, called the Primus (inter pares) ~ first among equals.

Every SEC service has the same timetable in accordance with the Common Book of Prayer. The SEC maintains that it enjoys and benefits from its independence from a national tie and this is seen in the occasional policy difference with its Anglican neighbours. It is also regarded as straddling the divide between Protestantism and Catholicism, a position that encourages “lively debate”.

(Top image: Bill Harrison at geograph.org.uk / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Londoner John Nelson Darby (1800-82) decided he wanted a purer version of Protestantism than was being practised by the Established Church and so joined a small group that had its first meeting in Plymouth in 1831, hence the name ‘Plymouth Brethren’. They saw the world as wicked, necessitating the Second Coming of Christ, at which time true believers would be rushed up to heavenly safety.

By 1848 there were profound disagreements between them and the Brethren split into the Open and Exclusive branches. Exclusive Brethren have gained a negative reputation since they have nothing to do with outsiders, to the extent that they will not eat with them or live next-door to them. They do not own TVs, radios or music-players and do not use the internet. People who leave are barred for life, even from their families. This is justified by their literal interpretation of the Bible.

While there are only a few thousand Exclusives, there are perhaps 50,000 followers of the more progressive Open Brethren in the UK. Unlike the Exclusives, they now allow full-time pastors, although any man (not woman) can preach. The Lord’s Supper is a main focus of Brethren meetings and the family is the focus of Brethren life.

(Image of Brethren meeting unit in Wiltshire: Jaggery at geograph.org.uk / CC BY-SA 2.0)

Jainism is one of those religions that, in their purest forms, do not fit in too well with Western society, yet it has also been described as the world’s most peaceful religion. It began in India with the religious teacher Mahavir (599-527BC) and spread to East Africa, eventually establishing a UK foothold from 1972 onwards with Ugandan immigration.

Jain monks and nuns, in their last reincarnation before reaching nirvana, must be celibate, disown their family and shun all the trappings of modern life, including electricity, the internet, possessions, cooking and shoes. They travel by foot from place to place and survive on small donations of food. Their head is shaved, they wear white robes, sweep ants from their path and cover their noses and mouths with cloth to avoid inhaling flying insects.

The Jain beliefs centre around graduating from the need to reincarnate. There is no deity but there are spiritual souls, and life is a test of abstinence in order to attain enlightenment. The five Great Vows are of non-violence, detachment, truthfulness, sexual restraint and no stealing. No alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, chocolate, pickles, spices, eggs or meat may be consumed, so they are almost vegan except that milk is allowed.

(Image [cropped] of the Jain temple at Potters Bar: Vrdah at Wikimedia Commons / CC BY-SA 4.0)

Followers of Islam (Muslims), first arrived in the UK from the Indian sub-continent some 300 years ago. By 2011 there were 2.5 million British Muslims. While a strict adherence to the practice and beliefs of the religion of Islam appear difficult to integrate into British culture, the younger UK-born generations have inevitably had the most success with this.

Islam shares parts of the Bible and some important figures with Christianity ~ Adam, Abraham, Moses, Noah, the Angel Gabriel and Jesus. It also believes in one God (‘Allah’) and has a holy site in Jerusalem. However, the differences in traditional beliefs are evident, particularly on rights for women and children, and on food animal welfare.

Muhammad (570-632) is revered as the last prophet and is said to have been visited by Angel Gabriel. The Quran/Koran is the main holy text and the ‘Five Pillars of Islam’ are the actions which devotees must carry out. These include praying five times a day, preferably in the direction of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, where Islam began. At least one pilgrimage must also be made to Mecca and one month of fasting in daylight hours carried out during ‘Ramadam’.

(Image of Islamic mosque in Rochdale: Michael Ely at geograph.org.uk / CC BY-SA 2.0)

By 2001 there had been four ‘Star Wars’ films made in the USA and a worldwide fanbase was well established. In the UK’s census of that year there was a new question on religion and over 400,000 people wrote “Jedi” or “Jedi Knight” under ‘Other’. This took pop-culture to a whole new level, although some Jediists claimed that the film franchise had merely highlighted a pre-existing spiritual pathway.

As well as the Jedi Code, there are 16 Teachings, 21 Maxims and 33 Jedi Teachings To Live By, all of which are wholesome and relevant to the modern world. Sermons are given online by Jedi Masters, but some groups meet to practise their lightsaber techniques.

The attention-grabbing census statistic tickled the British sense of humour and was the result of an email sent to fans, declaring that if at least 10,000 of them put “Jedi” on their forms, the authorities would be obliged to recognise Jediism as a legitimate religion. Although it was not, in fact, recognised in that way, the census administrators did allocate it code 896 for the next census in 2011, in which less than half of the original followers still kept the faith. Furthermore, the Temple of the Jedi Order was refused charitable status in 2016.

(Image: Webster2703 at needpix.com / Public domain)